BP402T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Theory)
Scope: This
subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure, chemistry
and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity relationships
of drugs, importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of drugs. The
syllabus also emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under each
class.
Objectives: Upon
completion of the course the student shall be able to
1. Understand the
chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
2. Understand the
drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of drugs
3. Know the
Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
4. Write the chemical
synthesis of some drugs
Course
Content:
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs,
Classification, mechanism of action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course,
Structure activity relationship of selective class of drugs as specified in the
course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)
UNIT- I
Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
History and development of medicinal chemistry
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen
bonding, Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical
isomerism.
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical
aspects.
UNIT- II
Drugs acting on
Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenergic
Neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.
Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their
distribution.
Sympathomimetic
agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine,
Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine,
Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline
and Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting
agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine.
Agents with mixed
mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Adrenergic
Antagonists:
Alpha adrenergic
blockers: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine,
Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide.
Beta adrenergic
blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*, Metibranolol, Atenolol,
Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetolol, Carvedilol.
UNIT-III
Cholinergic
neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their
distribution.
Parasympathomimetic
agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol,
Methacholine, Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/
Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible): Physostigmine,
Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine hydrochloride,
Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathione,
Malathion.
Cholinesterase
reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.
Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents
Solanaceous alkaloids
and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine sulphate, Scopolamine
hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide*.
Synthetic cholinergic
blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Clidinium
bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide,
Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine
hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide, Ethopropazine
hydrochloride.
UNIT- IV
Drugs acting on
Central Nervous System
A. Sedatives and
Hypnotics:
Benzodiazepines:
SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Oxazepam, Chlorazepate,
Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes: SAR
of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital, Amobarbital,
Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Miscelleneous:
Amides & imides:
Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their
carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol. Aldehyde & their
derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
B. Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines:
SAR of Phenothiazeines - Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine
hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine
hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride.
Ring Analogues of
Phenothiazeines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate,
Clozapine.
Fluro buterophenones:
Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
Beta amino ketones:
Molindone hydrochloride.
Benzamides:
Sulpieride.
C. Anticonvulsants:
SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant action
Barbiturates:
Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital. Hydantoins: Phenytoin*, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin
Oxazolidine diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione Succinimides: Phensuximide,
Methsuximide, Ethosuximide* Urea and monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine*
Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
Miscellaneous:
Primidone, Valproic acid, Gabapentin, Felbamate
UNIT – V
Drugs acting on
Central Nervous System
General anesthetics:
Inhalation
anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane,
Isoflurane, Desflurane.
Ultra short acting
barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental sodium.
Dissociative
anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and
non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related
drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine
hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride,
Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*,
Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists:
Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate, Naloxone hydrochloride.
Anti-inflammatory
agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*, Meclofenamate,
Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin,
Zomepriac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac,
Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine,
Phenylbutazone.
BP406P.
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Practical)
I Preparation of
drugs/ intermediates
1. 1,3-pyrazole
2. 1,3-oxazole
3. Benzimidazole
4. Benztriazole
5. 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline
6. Benzocaine
7. Phenytoin
8. Phenothiazine
9. Barbiturate
II Assay of drugs
1. Chlorpromazine
2. Phenobarbitone
3. Atropine
4. Ibuprofen
5. Aspirin
6. Furosemide
III Determination of
Partition coefficient for any two drugs
Recommended
Books (Latest Editions)
1. Wilson and Giswold’s Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry.
2. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
3. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
4. Introduction to principles of drug design- Smith and
Williams.
5. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
6. Martindale’s extra pharmacopoeia.
7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
8. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol.
1-5.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
10. Text book of practical organic chemistry- A.I.Vogel.
Posts
0 Comments