BP 404 T. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory)
Scope: The
main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the living
organisms and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject
covers the information about the drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological
and biochemical effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion (pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical
uses, interactions, doses, contraindications and routes of administration of
different classes of drugs.
Objectives: Upon
completion of this course the student should be able to
1. Understand the
pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs
2. Explain the
mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/macromolecular levels.
3. Apply the basic
pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
4. Observe the effect
of drugs on animals by simulated experiments
5. Appreciate
correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences
Course
Content:
UNIT-I
1. General
Pharmacology
a. Introduction to
Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology,
nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug
administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non-competitive), spare
receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy,
allergy.
b. Pharmacokinetics-
Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.
Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination
UNIT-II
General Pharmacology
a. Pharmacodynamics-
Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification
of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal
transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor,
transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor
and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response relationship,
therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
b. Adverse drug reactions.
c. Drug interactions
(pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)
d. Drug discovery and
clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase, preclinical
evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and
pharmacovigilance.
UNIT-III
2. Pharmacology of
drugs acting on peripheral nervous system
a. Organization and function of ANS.
b.Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and
classification of neurotransmitters.
c. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics,
Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
d. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle
relaxants (peripheral).
e. Local anesthetic agents.
f. Drugs used in m yasthenia gravis and glaucoma
UNIT-IV
3. Pharmacology of
drugs acting on central nervous system
a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis
on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine,
serotonin, dopamine.
b. General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
c. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle
relaxants. d. Anti-epileptics
e. Alcohols and disulfiram
UNIT-V
3. Pharmacology of
drugs acting on central nervous system
a. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics,
antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens.
b. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
c. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
d. Opioid analgesics and antagonists
e. Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.
BP 408
P.PHARMACOLOGY-I (Practical)
1. Introduction to
experimental pharmacology.
2. Commonly used instruments
in experimental pharmacology.
3. Study of common
laboratory animals.
4. Maintenance of
laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
5. Common laboratory
techniques. Blood withdrawal, serum and
plasma separation, anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
6. Study of different
routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
7. Study of effect of
hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
8. Effect of drugs on
ciliary motility of frog oesophagus
9. Effect of drugs on
rabbit eye.
10. Effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod
apparatus.
11. Effect of drugs on locomotor activity using
actophotometer.
12. Anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
13. Study of stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs
on rats/mice.
14. Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
15. Study of local anesthetics by different methods
Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are
demonstrated by simulated experiments by softwares and videos
Recommended
Books (Latest Editions)
1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang
and Dale’s Pharmacology,. Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
2. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and
clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
3. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C.,
Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K., Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use
of Drugs, The Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s
Illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology
6. K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE
Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology,
Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by
Charles R.Craig& Robert,
9. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals
of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton
& Company, Kolkata.
10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook
of experimental pharmacology. VallabhPrakashan,
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