ANTI-ARRHYTHMIC AGENTS

Antiarrhythmic are drugs that are used to treat abnormal heart rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation due to irregular electrical activity of the heart.

Classification of Anti-arrhythmic drugs

BASED ON MECHANISM

1. Sodium Channel Blocker

- Quinidine sulphate,

- Procainamide hydrochloride,

- Disopyramide phosphate,

- Lorcainide hydrochloride,

- Phenytoin sodium,

- Lidocaine hydrochloride,

- Tocainide hydrochloride,

- Mexiletine hydrochloride

2. Potassium Channel Blocker

- Amiodarone

3. Calcium Channel Blocker

- Verapamil

- Diltiazem

4. Beta Adrenergic Blocker

- Sotalol

BASED ON PARENT NUCLEUS

1. Aryl phenyl ketone

- Amiodarone

2. Benzamide

- Procainamide hydrochloride

3. Imidazolidine

- Phenytoin sodium

4. Meta xylene

- Lidocaine hydrochloride

- Tocainide hydrochloride

- Mexiletine hydrochloride

5. Pheniramine

- Disopyramide phosphate

6. Sulfanilide

- Sotalol

7. Quinoline

- Quinidine sulphate

MECHANISM OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS

QUINIDINE SULPHATE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl((3R,4S,7R)-3-vinylquinuclidin-7yl)methanol sulfuric acid

USES

1. Quinidine sulfate is a tested antiarrhythmics

2. It is very effective drug to treat supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in short and long term

PROCAINAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

4-amino-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)benzamide

USES

1. Procainamide used for the treatment of life threatening ventricular arrhythmias in adcdtion it act as platelet aggregation inhibitors

2. Procainamide is very effective suppressing agent of arrhythmias in ventricular origin, ventricular extrasystoles, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia as well as ventricular fibrillation

DISOPYRAMIDE PHOSPHATE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

4-(diisopropylamino)-2-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)butanamide

USES

1. Disopyramide medication is used to treat serious irregular heartbeat, like persistent ventricular tachycardia

2. It is used to restore normal heart rhythm and maintain a regular, steady heartbeat.

3. Disopyramide is known as an anti-arrhythmic drug

SYNTHESIS OF DISOPYRAMIDE PHOSPHATE

PHENYTOIN SODIUM

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

5,5’-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione

USES

1. Phenytoin is used to prevent and control seizures

2. It works by reducing the spread of seizure activity in the brain

3. Phenytoin is known as an anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drug

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide

USES

1. Lidocaine is used on the skin to stop itching and pain

2. Lidocaine is used to treat minor discomfort and itching because of hemorrhoids

3. Lidocaine act like an local anesthetic that works by causing temporary numbness/loss of feeling in the skin and mucous membranes.

TOCAINIDE HYDROCHLORIDE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

2-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)propanamide

USES

1. Tocainide is used to treat serious irregularity in heartbeat patterns.

MEXILETINE HYDROCHLORIDE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-amine

USES

1. Mexiletine medication is used to treat irregular heartbeat

2. It is used to restore normal heart rhythm and maintain a regular, steady heartbeat

3.  Mexiletine is known as an anti-arrhythmic drug

LORCAINIDE HYDROCHLORIDE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)-2phenylacetamide

USES

1. Lorcainide hydrochloride is a Class 1c antiarrhythmic agent

2. It is used to help restore normal heart rhythm and premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardiac

3. Lorcainide is known as a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome drug.

AMIODARONE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

(2-butylbenzofuran-3-yl)(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5diiodophenyl)methanone

USES

1. Amiodarone medication is used to treat certain types of serious irregular heartbeat

2. It is used to restore normal heart rhythm and maintain a regular, steady heartbeat.

3. Amiodarone is known as an anti-arrhythmic drug.

SOTALOL

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

IUPAC NAME

N-(4-(1-hydroxy-2(isopropylamino)ethyl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide

USES

1. Sotalol medication is used to treat a serious type of fast heartbeat called sustained ventricular tachycardia.

2. It is also used to treat certain fast/irregular heartbeats with severe symptoms like weakness and shortness of breath

3. Sotalol is is known as a both beta blocker and antiarrhythmic.